Thus, robust evidence indicates that raw primary-process (i.e., instinctual, unconditioned) emotional behaviors and feelings emanate from homologous brain functions in all mammals (see Appendix S1), which are regulated by higher brain regions. 5) Comparable ESB of human brains yield comparable affective experiences. 4) Using diverse measures, one can demonstrate that animals like and dislike ESB of brain regions that evoke unconditioned instinctual emotional behaviors: Such ESBs can serve as ‘rewards’ and ‘punishments’ in diverse approach and escape/avoidance learning tasks. 3) All primary-process emotional-instinctual urges, even ones as complex as social PLAY, remain intact after radical neo-decortication early in life thus, the neocortex is not essential for the generation of primary-process emotionality. Thus, if one activates FEAR arousal circuits in rats, cats or primates, all exhibit similar fear responses. 2) These brain circuits are situated in homologous subcortical brain regions in all vertebrates tested.
Seven types of emotional arousals have been described using a special capitalized nomenclature for such primary process emotional systems, they are SEEKING, RAGE, FEAR, LUST, CARE, PANIC/GRIEF and PLAY.
The relevant lines of evidence are as follows: 1) It is easy to elicit powerful unconditioned emotional responses using localized electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) these effects are concentrated in ancient subcortical brain regions.
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